Single Cell Study - Cellular Structure - Cell Death

subcellular structure of a biological cell
Post publication date: 
Monday, October 2, 2017

Biological cells consist of various subcellular structures, including the nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, and the other vesicular structures. The subcellular organelles in cytoplasm have various shapes, and each plays a different role that is crucial for the survival of a cell. It is important to understand the structure and dynamics of these subcellular organelles. Imaging these subcellular organelles can thus contribute significantly to the study of cell biology and related cell physiology.

For imaging single cells, phase contrast microscopy or fluorescence microscopy have conventionally been used. Phase contrast microscopy provides 2D morphological information with high contrast, and thus have been used widely in biology laboratories or medical hospitals. However, phase contrast microscopy does not provide images in three-dimensions (3D), and can only provide qualitative images that rely on humans to interpret the details. Therefore, quantitative investigation related to cell volume, concentration, and mass is significantly limited.

Alternatively, fluorescent proteins or fluorescent probes have popularly been utilized for molecular imaging. These labeling agents are used to label specific structures of cells, which can be visualized via fluorescence microscopy or confocal microscopy. Although these labeling agents provide excellent molecular specificity, they inevitably cause significant drawbacks: the use of exogenous labeling agents, the use of fluorescence labeling agents result   in significant stress to cells, unwanted effects from photo-toxicity, photo-damage, and photo-bleaching. Furthermore, this labeling process also causes excessive time and efforts which come along with high cost.

Advantages of Holotomography

Tomocube’s Holotomography (HT) technology provides unprecedented 3D cell imaging experience. HT measures 3D refractive index (RI) tomograms of a live cell, and thus ensures zero stress condition to cells. Furthermore, HT technology enables 3-D dynamics imaging of live cells for a long time-scale.   Main advantages are as follows:

  1. Label-free: Cellular membrane and subcellular organelles can clearly be labeled without using exogenous labeling agents, such as fluorescence proteins or dyes. Thus, there are no issues of phototoxicity, photobleaching, and photodamaging.
  2. Quantitative imaging capability: HT directly measures cell’s 3D refractive index (RI) maps, which is intrinsic optical properties of materials. The measured RI can be translated into the mass density of a cell and using this information, mass of a cell can also be retrieved.
  3. Precise and fast measurements: HT can resolve details as fine as 110 nm (x,y) and 356 nm (z), which is more powerful than the confocal microscopy . HT provides 2D/3D/4D measurements; imaging speed is 2.5 fps for 4D.
  4. Cost effective method: Can save the cost for labeling agents. Tomocube’s HT system provides 3D label-free imaging capability with very high spatial resolution at a reasonable price, , compared to the conventional fluorescence methods.

3D holotomography images of various cell lines measured with HT-1S

Tomocube's TomoStudio [Office1] provides unique cell image analysis features. TomoStudio provides powerful features to effectively visualize the 3D RI distributions; users can easily assign peudocolors and transparency to the structures of interest based on RI information. It also enables the automatic segmentation of cell structures, based on the 3D RI tomographic data.

Automatic segmentation of cell structures

References

1.     Kyoohyun Kim et al., Three-dimensional label-free imaging and quantification of lipid droplets in live hepatocytes, Scientific Reports 6, 36815 (2016)

Related products 

Tomocube HT-1 - La nuova era della microscopia per l'imaging di cellule vive - Olografia 3D
The new era of microscopy for live cell imaging - Holotomographic 3D holographic microscope

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